西方人过万圣节,每个家庭都要给孩子准备足够的糖果,否则可能要承受捣蛋鬼的恶作剧。为什么不是蛋糕,南瓜派,而是糖果?为什么孩子们在万圣节会挨家挨户讨糖果?这要从两千多年前的一个节日说起。
照片由Carl Raw在Unsplash上拍摄
10月31日,成群结队的孩子会拿着空心南瓜灯形状的水桶和枕头套走上街头寻找糖。给糖就捣蛋是万圣节的同义词,但这一传统经历了几个世纪的演变才发展到今天的位置。那么这个节日是如何成为孩子们获得免费糖果的机会的呢?你可以责怪异教徒、天主教徒和糖果公司。
10月31日,成群结队的孩子会涌向街头,寻找装有南瓜形状的篮子和枕套的糖果。作为万圣节的同义词,“不给糖就捣蛋”的传统经历了数百年才演变成今天的样子。那么这个节日是如何成为孩子们获得免费糖果的机会的呢?你可以归咎于异教徒、天主教徒和糖果公司。
历史学家一致认为凯尔特人的秋季节日Samhain是现代万圣节的前身。缩温节是庆祝一年中最后一次收获和冬季来临的时候。这也是一个纪念死者的节日。凯尔特人安抚他们认为仍然存在于地球上的灵魂的一种方法是在他们家门口的台阶上留下食物。
历史学家一致认为庆祝秋收的凯尔特萨温节是现代万圣节的前身。Savour Festival是庆祝一年中最后一次丰收的时候,也是迎接冬天到来的节日。萨斯喀彻温省也是纪念死者的节日。凯尔特人安抚还在人间游荡的鬼魂的方法之一,可能是留在自己家门口吃饭。
先驱: n
安抚: V .满足;舒适,舒适
当天主教徒在公元1世纪渗入爱尔兰时,他们重新命名了许多异教节日以适应他们的宗教。11月1日成为“所有圣徒和所有灵魂的节日”,前一天被称为“万圣节前夜”新的节日看起来与最初的凯尔特节日有很大不同,但是许多传统保留了下来,包括用食物纪念死者的习俗。基督徒选择的食物变成了“灵魂蛋糕”,这种小糕点通常用昂贵的配料和香料如葡萄干和藏红花烘焙而成。
当天主教徒在公元1世纪入侵爱尔兰时,他们开始改造许多异教节日,以适应他们的宗教。11月1日成为万灵节,万灵节的前夜被称为“万圣节前夜”。这个新的节日与最初的凯尔特节日有很大的不同,但是许多凯尔特传统仍然存在,包括用食物纪念死者的行为。基督教徒选择的节日食品被称为“灵魂蛋糕”,这是一种用昂贵的食材和红醋栗、藏红花等香料烘焙而成的小吃。
灵魂蛋糕不是放在外面给路过的鬼魂吃,而是分发给挨家挨户许诺为死者的灵魂祈祷以换取食物的乞丐。有时他们穿co
stumes to honor the saints―something pagans originally did to avoid being harassed by evil spirits. The ritual, known as souling, is believed to have planted the seeds for modern-day trick-or-treating.基督教徒没有把“灵魂蛋糕”放在门口供鬼魂享用,而是分发给挨家挨户乞讨的人,这些乞丐承诺为逝者的灵魂祷告,以换取吃食。有时候乞丐们还会穿上纪念圣人的戏服――最初异教徒就是穿上这种服装来避免被恶灵纠缠。据认为,这一名为“索灵”的仪式为现代的“不给糖就捣蛋”埋下了种子。
Photo by Debby Hudson on Unsplash
Souling didn't survive the holiday's migration from Europe to the United States. In America, the first Halloween celebrations were a way to mark the end-of-year harvest season, and the food that was served mainly consisted of homemade seasonal treats like caramel apples and mixed nuts. There were no soul cakes―or candies, for that matter―to be found.
在欧洲的节日向美国迁徙时,“索灵”风俗没有留存下来。在美国,最初的万圣节庆祝活动是为了纪念岁末的收获季节,节日食物主要是自制的应季美食,比如焦糖苹果和什锦坚果。那时候万圣节没有灵魂蛋糕,也没有糖果。
It wasn't until the 1950s that trick-or-treating gained popularity in the US. Following the Great Depression and World War II, the suburbs were booming, and people were looking for excuses to have fun and get to know their neighbors. The old practice of souling was resurrected and made into an excuse for kids to dress up in costumes and roam their neighborhoods. Common trick-or-treat offerings included nuts, coins, and homemade baked goods ("treats" that most kids would turn their noses up at today).
直到20世纪50年代,“不给糖就捣蛋”才在美国风靡起来。大萧条和二战结束后,美国郊区开始繁荣起来,人们想找个由头乐一乐并结识邻居。于是,“索灵”的老习俗就复兴了,并让孩子们有借口化装打扮,在街区游荡。给“捣蛋鬼”准备的东西通常包括坚果、硬币和自制的烘焙食品,今天的大多数孩子恐怕都看不上这些东西。
turn one's nose up at: 对……嗤之以鼻
That changed when the candy companies got their hands on the holiday. They had already convinced consumers that they needed candy on Christmas and Easter, and they were looking for an equally lucrative opportunity to market candy in the fall. The new practice of trick-or-treating was almost too good to be true. Manufacturers downsized candies into smaller, bite-sized packages and began marketing them as treats for Halloween. Adults were grateful to have a convenient alternative to baking, kids loved the sweet treats, and the candy companies made billions.
后来糖果公司把手伸向了这一节日,情况就发生了改变。糖果商已经让消费者相信,他们需要在圣诞节和复活节吃糖果,于是他们开始寻找一个在秋天营销糖果的同样有利可图的良机。“不给糖就捣蛋”的新风俗对他们而言简直是天赐的好运。制造商缩小了糖果包装,将一口一个的小糖果独立包装,并将其作为万圣节款待食品来推销。成年人很庆幸可以买到这么方便的零食而不用再亲手烘焙,孩子们喜欢这些糖果的味道,糖果公司也因此大赚特赚。
Today, it's hard to imagine Halloween without Skittles, chocolate bars, and the perennial candy corn debates. But when you're digging through a bag or bowl of Halloween candy this October, remember that you could have been having eating soul cakes instead.
时至今日,已经难以想象没有彩虹糖、巧克力棒和长年备受争议的玉米糖的万圣节。但是今年十月,当你捧着一袋或一碗万圣节糖果大吃的时候,别忘了你原本可能吃的是“灵魂蛋糕”。
perennial
英文来源:Mental Floss
翻译&编辑:丹妮
来源:中国日报网